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Our work in prairie voles revealed that a single exposure to oxytocin on the first day of life could down-regulate the vasopressin receptor in brain regions involved in aggression. For example, Freeman et al., applied novel autoradiographic ligands for both OXTR and AVPR1a to coppery titi monkey brains, a socially monogamous species (Overall, limited human data in control subjects only, inconsistencies and criticisms regarding methodology, and lack of a specific PET ligand for either receptor, highlight a need for further investigation into the distribution of these receptors in the CNS. Like little scuba divers, most mammals begin their lives swimming in an intrauterine pool of amniotic fluid. Both oxytocin and vasopressin are coded in a precursor form on chromosome 20 (Both molecules are synthesized in overlapping regions of the hypothalamus, primarily in large magnocellular neurons situated in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. GABAergic basal forebrain projections to the amygdala have also been shown to modulate inhibitory signals in this region (The complex relationships between oxytocin, vasopressin, and monoamine neurotransmitter systems have been studied in various animal models. The hormone may play a role in the way males identify competitive relationships and navigate the fight-or-flight response.Oxytocin may be injected to induce or improve contractions during labor. Evdokia Anagnostou has consulted to Roche. Functional neuroimaging evidence on the acute effects of exogenous administration of these peptides on brain activity is then reviewed. Next, current models associating these peptides to specific effects on neurons, neurotransmitters, and microcircuits will be reviewed. For example, dopamine receptor 2 (D2) blockade using various agents including haloperidol blocked partner preference behavior in prairie voles, while D2 agonists facilitated partner preference formation (Dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens is central to behavioral reinforcement, reward, and motivation. It's also linked to a host of relationship-enhancing effects, solidifying its status as … Prairie voles exposed to a single oxytocin treatment around the time of birth also showed – in later life – an even friendlier behavioural pattern with less anxiety and fear of novelty.In some cases, neonatally oxytocin-treated voles also formed adult pair bonds more quickly. This signals the body to let down milk for the baby.Human and animal studies on the effects of oxytocin on the mother-child bond have found that mothers with higher levels are more likely to engage in affectionate parenting behaviors, including:Some research suggests that babies who receive this type of parenting experience a boost of oxytocin that makes them seek more contact with their mother, further strengthening their bond.These effects aren’t limited to biological mothers.

The neuroimaging literature would instead support a model in which peptide effects on subcortical networks subsequently impact social appraisals and downstream cortical activation patterns. In addition to these physiologic functions, both peptides are now understood to mediate numerous social behaviors in mammals.The role of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in social functioning has developed out of a large body of animal research, focusing primarily on rodents. Oxytocin is a hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter and plays an important role in reproduction. The nonapeptide hormones arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the hypothalamus together with their carrier proteins, the neurophysins, … (2) Many investigators have shown changes in functional connectivity between various structures in the above listed regions in response to peptide administration. Tribollet and colleagues were some of the first investigators to apply this approach to the rat brain (Loup and colleagues subsequently applied autoradiography to study oxytocin receptor distributions in 12 post-mortem human brains in typical adults, free of psychiatric illness (The same investigators subsequently applied this technique to the entire brain, while adding an AVP receptor ligand ([Recent literature is limited with respect to more concise localization of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors in the central nervous system in humans (see Table Recent research in non-human primate brains may help clarify potential inconsistencies in the limited literature on human subjects.
But oxytocin is tied to more than just new love.
However, by looking across existing human studies, and extrapolating from primate data, several conclusions can be drawn: (1) Oxytocin and vasopressin receptors are consistently detected in the hypothalamus. Supplementary Following a micro- to macro- level trajectory, current literature on the synthesis and secretion of these peptides, and the structure, function and distribution of their respective receptors is first surveyed. In rodents, a functionally separate process also mediates central release of these peptides from hypothalamic neurons into central nervous systems; it is presumed that a similar mechanism is at play in humans as well. 12

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